The Dutch simple past: -te or -de, and the strong verbs
Werkte or woonde? The Dutch simple past with -te or -de by ’t kofschip, the strong verbs that change their vowel (ging, kwam, zag), and when to use it instead of the perfect.
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The simple past (onvoltooid verleden tijd) tells a story: Ik woonde in Rabat. Ik werkte in een hotel. In conversation the perfect is more common for single events (ik heb gewerkt); the simple past sets the scene and describes what used to be.
Weak verbs: stem + -te(n) if the stem ends in a consonant of ’t kofschip (t, k, f, s, ch, p), otherwise -de(n): werkte, werkten — woonde, woonden. Strong verbs change their vowel: gaan → ging, komen → kwam, zien → zag.
| werken | wonen | fietsen | betalen | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ik / jij / hij | werkte | woonde | fietste | betaalde |
| wij / jullie / zij | werkten | woonden | fietsten | betaalden |
The same test as the participle: werk ends in k → -te; woon ends in n → -de. Verbs with v or z in the infinitive take -de: leven → leefde, reizen → reisde. Tables: werken, wonen, fietsen, betalen, leven, reizen.
The strong verbs
| Infinitive | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| zijn | was | waren |
| hebben | had | hadden |
| gaan | ging | gingen |
| komen | kwam | kwamen |
| zien | zag | zagen |
| doen | deed | deden |
| eten | at | aten |
| drinken | dronk | dronken |
| schrijven | schreef | schreven |
| lezen | las | lazen |
| spreken | sprak | spraken |
| kunnen | kon | konden |
| willen | wilde / wou | wilden |
| moeten | moest | moesten |
Each with every form: zijn, hebben, gaan, komen, zien, doen, eten, drinken, schrijven, lezen, spreken, kunnen, willen, moeten.
Simple past or perfect?
- Background and habits: Toen ik klein was, woonde ik bij de zee. — simple past.
- A finished event, in conversation: Gisteren heb ik mijn moeder gebeld. — perfect.
- A story: start with the perfect, continue in the simple past: Ik ben vorig jaar verhuisd. Het huis was klein en de buren waren aardig.
- Was and had are almost always simple past: Het was koud. Ik had geen tijd.
Toen ik in Syrië woonde, werkte ik als leraar.
Literally: When I lived in Syria, I worked as a teacher.
Meaning: toen + simple past for the background; verb at the end after toen.
Practise
- Write five sentences about your life before you came: Ik woonde… Ik werkte… Ik had…
- Learn the strong forms above as three columns: gaan – ging – gegaan.
- Use both tenses in one short story of six sentences.
- Then practise in the writing exam style: a short message about something that happened.
Stories in Dutch
16Word’s Sentences track has two-part stories in the past — type them from memory, with a game of Blocks between answers. Page 1 is free.
Keep learning
- The perfect: hebben or zijn?
- The present tense
- Spelling rules
- The Dutch grammar hub
- All Dutch verb tables
All our Dutch grammar guides
- Pronunciation, with recordings · Spelling: long and short vowels, f/v, s/z · De or het?
- Plurals and diminutives · Adjective endings: groot or grote? · Personal pronouns: je, jij or u?
- Word order: verb second, verb last · Asking questions · Negation: niet or geen?
- The present tense (and d or t) · The perfect: hebben or zijn? · Modal verbs: kunnen, moeten, willen, mogen, zullen
- Separable verbs
Frequently asked questions
How do you form the simple past in Dutch?
Weak verbs: stem + -te(n) after a stem ending in t, k, f, s, ch or p (werkte), otherwise stem + -de(n) (woonde). Strong verbs change their vowel: ging, kwam, zag.
When do you use the simple past instead of the perfect?
For background, habits and storytelling: Toen ik klein was, woonde ik bij de zee. For single finished events in conversation Dutch prefers the perfect.
What is the past of zijn and hebben?
Was / waren and had / hadden.
Is it wilde or wou?
Both are used for the past of willen; wilde is the standard written form, wou is common in speech.
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